Scientific publications
Read about the research that supports the FaceReader Ecosystem
Over the past 20+ years, our facial coding platform and its embedded technologies have been the subject as well as the preferred instrument for numerous accredited scientific studies. Below we present a comprehensive overview of the literature that has emerged from these studies, highlighting and validating the cutting-edge technology of FaceReader Online.
2021
125 citations
Automatic Facial Expression Recognition in Standardized and Non-standardized Emotional Expressions
T. Küntzler, T. T. A. Höfling, G. W. Alpers
Facial expression recognition (FER) technology has been validated for classification of standardized prototypical expressions. However, its applicability to more naturalistic expressions remains uncertain. Hence, this study tested and compared the performance of three different systems (Azure Face API, Microsoft; Face++, Megvii Technology; FaceReader, Noldus Information Technology) with human emotion recognition. For posed images, all systems classify basic emotions accurately (FaceReader most accurate), and they are mostly on par with human raters. However, for non-standardized acted stimuli, performance drops remarkably for all systems, but Azure performs similarly to humans. In addition, humans alike tend to misclassify some expressions as neutral. In sum, by automated expression recognition can be an attractive alternative, but there are limitations in accuracy for specific expressions; clearly, there is need for thorough empirical evaluation to guide future developments in computer vision.
2021
26 citations
Efficacy And Safety of Electroacupuncture Treatment In The Prevention of Negative Moods In Health Young Men After 30 Hours of Total Sleep Deprivation: Study Protocol For A Single-Center, Single-Blind, Parallel-Arm, Randomized Clinical Trial
B. Yan, F. Wang, T. Ma, Y. Liu, W. Liu
In this research, FaceReader software is used to explore efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture treatment in the prevention of negative moods in health young men after 30 hours of total sleep deprivation: study protocol for a single-center, single-blind, parallel-arm, randomized clinical trial, providing objective data on emotional responses and facial muscle activities.
2021
24 citations
The Effectiveness of Facial Expression Recognition in Detecting Emotional Responses to Sound Interventions in Older Adults With Dementia
Y. Liu, Z. Wang, G. Yu
This research uses facial expression recognition software (FaceReader) to explore the influence of different sound interventions on the emotions of older people with dementia. The field experiment was carried out in a public activity space in an adult care facility. Three intervention sources were used, namely, music, stream, and birdsong. Data collected through the Self-Assessment Manikin Scale (SAM) were compared with (FER) data. FaceReader identified differences in emotional responses. Participants had significantly higher valence for all three interventions than without (p < 0.01). Indices of sadness, fear, disgust differed between interventions. For example, before the start of birdsong intervention, the index initially increased by 0.06 from 0 s to about 20 s, followed by a linear downward trend, an average reduction of 0.03 per s. In addition, arousal was lower when interventions began before, rather than concurrently with, the start of birdsong (p < 0.01). Moreover, stream interventions, there were significant days (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Furthermore, age and gender. Finally, comparison of SAM and FER results showed that music (first 80 s) helps predict dominance (r = 0.600), acoustic comfort (r = 0.545); birdsong (first 40 s) predicts pleasure (r = 0.770), acoustic comfort (r = 0.766); and music (r = 0.824), birdsong (r = 0.891).
2021
20 citations
Complex Website Tasks Increase the Expression Anger Measured with FaceReader Online
L. Talen, T. E. den Uyl
To understand how website design affects users, we need to measure their experience. Earlier research found that user experience influences important user behavior statistics, such as further use of a website. Complexity seems to play a role in usability and blockage or delay in reaching a goal leads to negative feelings and frustration. In this study, FaceReader Online, a tool to measure facial expressions via the internet, was used to measure the effect of complexity of website design tasks on expression of anger. Because scores had low intensity, we calculated a metric for peak expression. The results indicated that more complex website tasks lead to more complex anger. These automatically detected aspects could be valuable for usability.
Tags
2021
14 citations
Complex website tasks increase the expression anger measured with FaceReader online
L. Talen and T.E. den Uyl
To stand out among the large variations of websites that exist, users should have a good experience. Earlier research found that a good experience influences important user behavior statistics, such as further use of the website. Complexity seems to play a role in the usability of websites and a blockage or delay in reaching the goal leads to negative feelings such as frustration. In this study, FaceReader Online, a tool to measure facial expressions via the internet, was used to measure the effect of the complexity of website design and website tasks on the facial expression anger. Because the expression scores had a low intensity, we calculated a metric for the peak expression. The results indicated that in the more complex tasks the facial expression of anger was higher. These results suggest that the automatically detected facial expression anger could be used to measure usability aspects of a website.
2021
25 citations
The Evaluation of Dark Chocolate-Elicited Emotions and Their Relation with Physico Chemical Attributes of Chocolate
E. Bartkienė, E. Mockus, E. Mozuriene, J. Klementavičiutė, E. Monstaviciute, V. Starkutė, P. Zavistanavičiūtė, E. Zokaitytė, D. Černauskas, D. Klušaitė
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different origin (Venezuela, Ghana, Peru) dark chocolates on emotions induced for consumers, and analyse the relationships among overall acceptability (OA), emotions, physicochemical attributes of chocolate (fatty acids (FAs) and volatile compounds (VC)). Chocolate-elicited emotions were measured with FaceReader 8 software, scaling 10 emotion patterns (neutral, happy, sad, angry, surprised, scared, disgusted, contempt, valence, arousal). OA was carried out using a 10-point hedonic scale, ranging from 1 (extremely dislike) to 10 (like). Obtained results showed that, all chocolate-elicited emotions intensity “happy” was highest. In most cases, influence consumers significant (except “neutral”, “scared”, “disgusted”). Significant differences between tested chocolate were not found. FAs had identified VC content main FAs (methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, cis,trans-9-oleic acid ester, linoleate). Correlations were separate. Finally, that significantly influenced chocolate, while or can be used as quality indicators related OA, well emotions.